- about: Common everyday vocabulary words.
  slug: general
  words:
    - english: thing
      examples:
        - english: "No problem. *(Literally: [there is] nothing.)*"
          hindi: कोई बात नहीं.
        - english: I did not understand this thing (matter).
          hindi: मुझे यह बात [समझ](#understand) नहीं आई.
          note: >
            आई, feminine, matches बात because the postposition in मुझे blocks
            the gender matching on मैं (Recall [मुझे = मैं +
            की](/grammar/pronouns)).
        - english: "to talk (seems to be more like: *to chat*)."
          hindi: बात करना
      gender: f
      hindi: बात
      note:
        More abstract than "[चीज़](#चीज़)", often used for matters or topics -- as
        in, things that are discussed.
      see_also:
        - "[चीज़](#चीज़)"
      type: noun
    - english: help
      examples:
        - english: Please help me.
          hindi: मेरी मदद किजिए.
        - english: Have you been helped?
          hindi: क्या आपकी मदद हुई है?
      gender: f
      hindi: मदद
      note:
        Used with का/के/की to indicate who is receiving help, and with either करना
        (to actively help someone), or होना (to passively be helped). See the
        links below for the generalized rules of these.
      see_also:
        - "[Reflexive verbs](/grammar/reflexive-verbs)"
        - "[Active and passive, transitive and
          intransitive](/grammar/active-passive-transitive-intransitive)"
      type: noun
    - english: message
      hindi: संदेश
      type: noun
      gender: m
    - english: etc.
      hindi: वग़ैरह
      type: noun
    - type: verb
      english: to load
      hindi: लादना
      note: Load, as in a cart or lorry.
      tags:
        - cognate
- about: Hindi often uses repetition of words for emphasis or to indicate a
    variety of related meanings.
  slug: repetition
  words:
    - english: what all, which all
      examples:
        - english: What all did you do last week?
          hindi: पिछले हफ्ते तुमने क्या-क्या किया?
      hindi: क्या-क्या
      type: noun
    - hindi: धीरे-धीरे
      english: slowly, gradually
      examples:
        - english: Please speak slowly.
          hindi: कृपया धीरे-धीरे बोलिए.
      type: adverb
- about: Words for people from different countries.
  slug: nationalities
  words:
    - english: Afghan
      hindi: अफ़्गानी
      type: adjective
    - english: African
      hindi: अफ़्रीकी
      type: adjective
    - english: American
      hindi: अमरीकी
      type: adjective
    - english: Asian
      hindi: एशियाई
      type: adjective
    - english: Australian
      hindi: ओस्ट्रेलियन
      type: adjective
    - english: Bangladeshi
      hindi: बंगला, बंगलादेशी
      type: adjective
    - english: Bhutanese
      hindi: भूटानी
      type: adjective
    - english: British/English
      hindi: ब्रितानी/अँग्रेज़
      type: adjective
    - english: Chinese
      hindi: चीनी
      type: adjective
    - english: French
      hindi: फ़्रांसीसी
      type: adjective
    - english: German
      hindi: जर्मन
      type: adjective
    - english: Greek
      hindi: यूनानी
      type: adjective
    - english: Indian
      hindi: भारतीय, हिंदुस्तानी
      note:
        There is some cultural context here, as obviously [not everyone in India
        is Hindu](/culture/bharat-hindustan).
      type: adjective
    - english: Iranian
      hindi: ईरानी
      type: adjective
    - english: Iraqi
      hindi: ईराकी
      type: adjective
    - english: Israeli
      hindi: इज़राईली
      type: adjective
    - english: Italian
      hindi: इतालवी
      type: adjective
    - english: Japanese
      hindi: जापानी
      type: adjective
    - english: Nepalese
      hindi: नेपाली
      type: adjective
    - english: Pakistani
      hindi: पाकिस्तानी
      type: adjective
    - english: Russian
      hindi: रूसी
      type: adjective
    - english: Vietnamese
      hindi: वियतनामी
      type: adjective
- slug: vocations
  about: >-
    Common occupations. Almost all of these are unmarked masculine nouns, except
    the few that have modified forms for females. I assume, though I should
    definitely confirm such a basic thing, that the words can be applied as-is
    for females too (e.g., मेरा नर्स / मेरी नर्स both work, based on if your
    nurse is male or female). 


    It seems like this is one of those cases of [ingrained
    sexism](/culture/sexism) you often find in Hindi.
  words:
    - english: accountant
      hindi: मुनीम
      type: noun
    - english: actor, actress
      hindi: अभिनेता, अभिनेत्री
      type: noun
    - english: ambassador
      hindi: राजदूत
      type: noun
    - english: artisan
      hindi: कारीगर
      type: noun
    - english: artist
      hindi: कलाकार
      type: noun
    - english: bank teller
      hindi: खज़ांची
      type: noun
    - english: businessman/businesswoman
      hindi: व्यवसायी
      type: noun
    - english: carpenter
      hindi: बढ़ई
      type: noun
    - english: confectioner
      hindi: हलवाई
      type: noun
    - english: dancer
      hindi: नर्तकी
      gender: f
      type: noun
      note: There's also नर्तक, the masculine form.
    - english: diplomat
      hindi: राजनायक
      type: noun
    - english: doctor
      hindi: चिकित्सक, डाक्टर
      type: noun
    - english: driver
      hindi: चालक, ड्राइवर
      type: noun
    - english: engineer
      hindi: अभियंता
      type: noun
    - english: farmer
      hindi: किसान, कृषक
      type: noun
    - english: gardener
      hindi: माली
      type: noun
    - english: hairdresser
      hindi: नाई
      type: noun
    - english: jeweler
      hindi: जौहरी
      type: noun
      note:
        In addition to being a cognate (in my opinion at least), this was the name
        of a favorite hotel ("The Johri") in Jaipur's Johri Bazaar (Jeweller's
        Market).
    - english: judge
      hindi: न्यायधीश
      type: noun
    - english: laborer
      hindi: मज़दूर
      type: noun
      note: I often confuse this word with मज़बूर (forced), which seems to have
        obvious etymological overlap.
    - english: lawyer
      hindi: वक़ील
      type: noun
    - english: mailman
      hindi: डाकिया
      type: noun
    - english: mechanic
      hindi: मिस्त्री
      type: noun
    - english: merchant
      hindi: व्यापारी
      type: noun
      note: In need of a good way to differentiate this from व्यवसायी.
    - english: musician
      hindi: संगीतकार
      type: noun
    - english: nurse
      hindi: नर्स
      type: noun
      note: It's just straight-up the English word.
    - english: athlete/player
      hindi: खिलाड़ी
      type: noun
      see_also:
        - "[खेलना](/vocabulary/general#खेलना), to play"
    - english: police officer
      hindi: पुलिस अधिकारी
      type: noun
      note: >-
        The first word is obviously just "police", but I thought it was
        interesting that buried in the second word is "धिकार" -- "shame" --
        [prefixed with "अ-"](/grammar/prefixes), as in "without" (in the same
        way that, say, "amoral" is the opposite of "moral" in English).


        I'm not saying the etymology is implying police are without shame: taken
        as a whole, "अधिकार" just means "authority."
    - english: potter
      hindi: कुम्हार
      type: noun
      note:
        Interesting that "Kumar" is a common surname in Hindi, as "Potter" is
        fairly common in English.
    - english: president
      hindi: राष्ट्रपति
      type: noun
      note:
        'Literally: "Nation Husband". Weird, but I guess kind of makes sense?
        Would they change this if India ever had a female president? (Could
        India ever?)'
    - english: prime minister
      hindi: प्रधानमंत्री
      type: noun
      note: 'As you''d hope: प्रधान means "prime/head/chief", मंत्री means
        "minister."'
    - english: publisher
      hindi: प्रकाशक
      type: noun
    - english: salesman
      hindi: विक्रेता
      type: noun
    - english: sculptor
      hindi: मूर्तिकार
      type: noun
    - english: security guard
      hindi: सुरक्षा कर्मचारी
      type: noun
      note:
        I put the translation as "security guard", but while सुरक्षा does mean
        "security", कर्मचारी just means "employee."
    - english: shopkeeper
      hindi: दुकानदार
      type: noun
    - english: singer
      hindi: गायिका
      type: noun
      gender: f
      note: >-
        Like नर्तकी / नर्तक, there is also गायक for the masculine form.


        Take note of the difference between this word, which has गाना -- to sing
        -- as its root, and संगीतकार, which has संगीत -- music -- as its root.
    - english: student
      hindi: विद्यार्थी
      type: noun
      note: >-
        विद्या = knowledge, अर्थ = meaning.


        Feels kind of redundant (I would have expected the compound word to be,
        say, "knowledge + seeker" or something) but unless I'm missing something
        ... there you have it.
    - english: tailor
      hindi: दर्ज़ी
      type: noun
    - english: teacher
      hindi: अध्यापिका
      type: noun
      gender: f
      note: अध्यापक for the masculine form.
    - english: thief
      hindi: चोर
      type: noun
      note: Mumbai has a चोर बाज़ार, "thief's market."
    - english: tourist
      hindi: पर्यटक
      type: noun
    - english: washerman
      hindi: धोबी
      type: noun
      note: From धोना, to wash.
    - english: writer
      hindi: लेखिका
      type: noun
      gender: f
      note: |-
        Again, लेखक for masculine form.

        From लिखना, to write.
- slug: hobbies
  about: Hobbies (शौक) from the textbook.
  words:
    - english: to swim
      hindi: तैरना
      type: verb
    - english: to exercise
      hindi: कसरत करना
      type: verb
